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پاکستان مسلم لیگ (ن)or ن لیگ | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | PML (N) |
| President | Shehbaz Sharif[1] |
| Chairman | Raja Zafar ul Haq |
| Secretary-General | Ahsan Iqbal |
| Spokesperson | Maryam Aurangzeb |
| Leader in Senate | Mushahid Hussain Syed |
| Leader in Assembly | Khawaja Muhammad Asif |
| Founder | Muhammad Nawaz Sharif |
| Preceded by | Islami Jamhoori Ittehad |
| Headquarters | 180-H Model Town, Lahore |
| Ideology | Conservatism[2] Pragmatism[3] Classic liberalism[4] Nationalism |
| Political position | Centre-right[5][6][7] |
| Colors | Green |
| Senate | 30 / 104 |
| National Assembly | 84 / 342 |
| Punjab Assembly | 166 / 371 |
| KPK Assembly | 6 / 124 |
| Balochistan Assembly | 1 / 65 |
| Sindh Assembly | 0 / 168 |
| Azad Kashmir Assembly | 35 / 49 |
| Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly | 21 / 33 |
| Election symbol | |
| Website | |
| PMLN Official | |
| |
|---|---|
Parties Elections
First Ministry and Term
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The Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ (ن) abbr.PML-N) is a centre-rightconservative party in Pakistan. The party was recently in power until the appointment of an interim government led by Nasirul Mulk for the previous general election. It was led by the thrice-elected Prime MinisterNawaz Sharif, until he was disqualified for contempt of the Supreme Court in 2017. Movierulz malayalam movies. The party's platform is generally conservative,[8] which involves supporting free market capitalism, opposing military power, supporting democratic ideals, and being generally anti-censorship on an online and wilderness platform.
One of several continuing factions of the original Muslim League,[9] the seeds of the party were sown following the 1985 Elections when the Prime Minister of PakistanMuhammad Khan Junejo organised the supporters of President Zia-ul-Haq's dictatorship into a single party, known as the Pakistan Muslim League. After President Zia's death in 1988, under the leadership of Fida Mohammad Khan, a large faction split away from the Junejo-ledPakistan Muslim League, and formed a conservative alliance with various right-wing and Islamist political parties, called the Islamic Democratic Alliance. The alliance formed a government in 1990 under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif. In 1993, the alliance dissolved and the party assumed its current shape, branding itself as the 'Nawaz' faction of the Pakistan Muslim League after its like, in contrast to the 'Junejo ' faction.
Since its foundation by General Zia ul Haq, PML-N, along with the People's Party, has dominated the two-party political system of Pakistan.[10] However, after the 1999 coup, the party was eclipsed by its own splinter faction, the Musharraf - backed Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid), for almost a decade. PML-N regained popularity in the 2008 general elections, when it was elected as the principal opposition party. Pkzip dos 64 bit free download. It returned to power following the elections of 2013, with Sharif elected as the Prime Minister for an unprecedented third term. The party's stronghold is the Punjab province,[11] where it has formed provincial government six times since 1985, thrice under Sharif's brother, Shehbaz Sharif.
- 1History
- 1.2Electoral history
- 3Ideology and political positions
- 5Controversy
History[edit]
Breakaway from the original PML[edit]
Upon the creation of Pakistan and departure of the English Crown in 1947, the All-India Muslim League (AIML) became the Muslim League, which was now led by Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan. After the assassination of Prime MinisterAli Khan, the Muslim League struggled to revive itself, eventually losing control of East Pakistan in legislative elections to the Left Front.[12] Internal disagreement over the party's direction, lack of a political program, motivation for public reforms, and inadequate administrative preparations and mismanagement all led to the public decline of the party.[13] With the Socialist Party, the Muslim League struggled for its survival while facing the Republican Party and Awami League.[12] The martial law imposed in 1958 eventually outlawed all political parties in the country.[12]
The foundation and ground base of the PML-N lies with the Pakistan Muslim League, which was founded in 1962 as an enriched conservative project derived from the defunct Muslim League.[11] The PML was presided over by Fatima Jinnah, who actively participated in presidential elections held in 1965 against Ayub Khan.[13] After Fatima Jinnah's death, the PML was led by Nurul Amin, a Bengali leader, who deepened its role in West Pakistan.[13]
On a nationalist and conservative platform, the party engaged in political campaigns against the leftistPakistan Peoples Party and the Bengali nationalist party, the Awami League, in the general elections held in 1970.[13] It managed to secure only two electoral seats in the East Pakistan parliament and only ten in the National Assembly of Pakistan.[13] In spite of its limited mandate, Nurul Amin became the Prime Minister and Vice-President of Pakistan — the only figure to have been appointed as Vice-President.[13] The PML government was short-lived and soon its government fell in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[13] The PML-N is ideologically close to the military and holds common beliefs on national security.[13]
The list below shows the well-known breakaway factions and their relationships with the military, although many minor factions have existed throughout Pakistani history:
| Party conventions | Year | Relationship comparison and notes | Founders |
|---|---|---|---|
| PML(N) | 1988 | Pro-status quo, national conservative (Centre-right), and pro-establishment until 1999. | Fida Mohammad Khan |
| PML(J) | 1988 | Pro-Junejo | Muhammad Khan Junejo |
| PML(Q) | 2002 | pro-establishment, Pro-status quo,[14]liberal conservative | Hussain |
| PML(F) | 1973 | Pro-status quo, nationalist (Sindhi) | Pir Pagara |
| PML(LM) | 2012 | Pro-status quo | Rashim |
| PML(Z) | 2001 | Pro-status quo, pro-establishment, ultraconservative | Haq |
| PML(A) | 2008 | Pro-status quo, pro-establishment | Ahmad |
| PML(P) | 2010 | Liberal, Pro-status quo, pro-establishment | Musharraf |
| PML(J) | 1995 | Libertarian, Pro-status quo, anti-establishment | Wattoo |
| Party conventions | Year | Relationship comparison and notes | Current |
| AIML | 1906 | Devolved into Muslim League, legal personality is presently continued and bestowed by the PML(N) | No. |
| PML | 1962 | Large part of the party led by the PML(N), other parts of the party are divided into smaller factions | Yes |
| CML | 1965 | Merged with PML(N) | No |
| CML | 1967 | Merged with PML(N) | No |
| ML(Q) | 1970 | Merged with PML(N) | No |
Electoral history[edit]
The Pakistan Muslim League went into a political abyss after the death of Nurul Amin and during the PPP government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[13] It made a strong comeback in response to Bhutto's nationalisation program in the 1970s. Influential young activists, including Nawaz Sharif, Javed Hashmi, Zafar-ul-Haq, and Shujaat Hussain, ascended as the leaders of the party and started their political career through the Muslim League.[13]
The party became an integral part of the nine-party alliance, PNA, against the PPP, and campaigned against the PPP in the 1977 general elections.[13] They campaigned on a right-wing platform and raised conservative slogans in the 1977 general elections. The PML, including Sharif and Hussain, were a conglomerate of diverse views and had provided large capital for the Muslim League's financial expenses.[13] It was at this time that the party was revived and joined the anti-Bhutto PNA with Pir Pagara, an influential Sindhi conservative figure, as its elected president.
After the martial law of 1977, the party reassessed itself and saw the rise of the powerful oligarch bloc led by Zahoor Illahi, who was the main PML leader. After the 1984 referendum, President Zia-ul-Haq had become the country's elected president.[13] During the 1985 general election, a new PML-N emerged on the country's political scene.[13] The party had supported the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq and won his support to appoint Mohammad Khan Junejo to the office of Prime Minister. Nawaz Sharif had won the favour and support of President Zia-ul-Haq, who approved his appointment as Chief Minister of Punjab Province in 1985.[13]
1988 general elections[edit]
The modern history of the party began during the 1988 parliamentary elections, when the Pakistan Muslim League, led by former prime minister Mohammed Khan Junejo, split into two factions: one was led by Fida Mohammad Khan and Nawaz Sharif, the then chief minister of Punjab Province, and the other by Junejo (who later founded the Pakistan Muslim League (F)).
In 1988, the Pakistan Muslim League (N) was founded and established by Fida Mohammad Khan, an original Pakistan Movementactivist, who became the party's founding president, whilst Nawaz Sharif became its first secretary-general. The party is not the original Muslim League, but is accepted as its continuing legal successor.[15]
At the time of the 1988 elections, the PML was part of the eight-party Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA), which had contained the right-wing conservative mass as one entity against the left-wing circles, led by the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).[9] The general elections of 1988 marked the emergence of the Pakistan Peoples Party's as the single largest political party, with its election to 94 of 237 seats in the state parliament.[9] The IDA occupied 55 seats, but an influential leader, Nawaz Sharif, chose to serve the Chief Minister of Punjab Province.[9] With Benazir Bhutto elevated to the post Prime Minister of Pakistan, the IDA nominated Abdul Wali Khan as a compromise candidate for opposition leader in the state parliament. Within 20 months, tales of bad governance and corruption plagued the Pakistan Peoples Party's government.[9] Finally, in 1990, PresidentGhulam Ishaq Khan charged the PPP government with corruption and lack of governance and dismissed the National Assembly and the first Bhutto government.[9]
1990 general elections[edit]
The PML-N was still part of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IDA) and participated, under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif, in the 1990 general elections. The IDA competed against the leftist alliance, known as the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA), which had contained the Pakistan Peoples Party and the TeI. The elections resulted in the victory of IDA, with Nawaz Sharif becoming Prime Minister. Through IDA, the conservative forces under Sharif had a chance to form a national government for the first time in the history of Pakistan. With Sharif taking office, his ascendancy also marked a transition in the political culture of Pakistan – a power shift from control by the traditional feudal aristocracy to the growing class of modern and moderate entrepreneurs.[16] For the first time, Sharif launched privatisation and economic liberalisation policy measures, and his economic team actually implemented some of the serious economic liberalisation and privatisation measures previous governments had merely talked about.[16]
Election results also showed liberals, the MQM, emerging as the third major party with 15 seats.[9] For the first time in the history of the country, Sharif allowed foreign money exchange to be transacted through private money changers.[16] While internationally acclaimed, his policies were condemned by the PPP. Benazir Bhutto mounted pressure on President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who dismissed the IDA government on 18 April 1993.[9] The PML-N appealed to the Supreme Court, which then restored Sharif's government on 26 May. The country's armed forces and the military leadership attempted to negotiate with Sharif and get him to step down.[9] This culminated in the resignation of Nawaz Sharif, and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan was also removed from office.[9]
1993 elections and opposition[edit]
The PML-N gained national prominence in the 1993 parliamentary elections and occupied 73 seats in the state parliament. The party asserted its role as opposition to the Pakistan Peoples Party.[9] The PML-N charged Benazir Bhutto with corruption, stagnation, and endangering national security.[9] The PPP also suffered due to internal factions, one of which was led by Murtaza Bhutto. The controversial murder of Murtaza Bhutto by Sindh Police and the pressure on MQM further weakened Benazir Bhutto. The PML-N and Sharif himself were shocked when they learned the news of Benazir Bhutto's dismissal. An ironic aspect of this dismissal was that it was prompted by the then-President Farooq Leghari, a trusted lieutenant of Benazir, who sent her to the presidency as a safeguard for the PPP's government after the office was vacated by Ghulam Ishaq Khan.[9] During that movement, Nawaz Sharif travelled through the length and breadth of Pakistan. He also embarked on a train march from Lahore to Peshawar as part of his campaign to oust Benazir.[9]
During this time, the party was among the closest to the civil bureaucracy and the Pakistan Armed Forces, and had close ties and influence in the Pakistan Armed Forces' appointments as well as their military strategies.[17]
1997 elections and power politics[edit]
The Pakistan Muslim League (N) struck its remarkable, biggest, and most notable achievement in the 1997 parliamentary elections, held on 3 February 1997.[18] It secured a two-thirds majority in the Pakistan Parliament, the only political party to have gained a two-thirds majority since the country's independence in 1947.[10] During this time, the PML-N was the largest conservative party, with its members occupying 137 seats out of 207, roughly 66.2%.[10] In 1997, the party secured its win with an overwhelming mandate, with only a small opposition.[18] On 18 February 1997, when Nawaz Sharif obtained a vote of confidence, the Pakistan Muslim League assumed the government of Pakistan.[18] Nawaz Sharif allowed Benazir Bhutto to hold the office of Leader of the Opposition, though the PML-N held control of the state parliament.[9] The PML-N government passed the Thirteenth and the Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan to stabilize its mandate and strengthen its position.[9]
In 1998, the law and order situation came under the PML-N's control and economic recovery was also secured.[18] A number of constitutional amendments were made to make the country a parliamentary democracy.[18] In May 1998, the PML-N government led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered six nuclear tests, in response to Indian nuclear tests.[18] The tests were extremely popular and PML-N's image and prestige rose to a record level at home.[18] However, in 1998, the PML-N government effectively dismissed general Jehangir Karamat (see Dismissal of General Jehangir Karamat), which ruined its public ratings, but marked a perception of the civilian control of the military.[18] This type of power politics and the repeated dismissals of military leaders soured the party's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces and its public ratings gradually went down.[18]
Despite its heavy public mandate, serious disagreements appeared within the party. Finally, the 1999 coup d'état ended the PML-N's government.[18] Controversially, in 1999, the party was significantly divided, further affecting Nawaz Sharif's trial in military court. No massive protests were held by the party; its leaders remained silent and remained supportive towards the military action against Nawaz Sharif. In 2001, the party was further divided by factionalism. Dissenters formed the Pakistan Muslim League, later called Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) (or PML-Q), which became allies of then president Pervez Musharraf.[17] In 2001, the Muslim League (Nawaz) formally adopted the name of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), also known as PML(N).[17]
2002 general elections[edit]
As a result of the Kargil War with India, the PML-N government had generated frustration within the party and a secret splinter group inside the party united on a one-point agenda with all the opposition parties in 1999 to remove Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from office. This resulted in a military coup d'état. The Supreme Court validated the coup and gave General Pervez Musharraf three years to hold general elections.[citation needed] After deposing Sharif's government, the party split into several groups and its size shrunk as many of its members decided to defect to the splinter political bloc. Many of its most influential members, sponsors, and financiers came to defect to the new group that was sympathetic to Pervez Musharraf.[17] This splinter group emerged as the Pakistan Muslim League (Q), which registered itself as a political party with the Election Commission.[17] Sharif was removed from the party's presidency and the position was handed over to Dr. Kalsoum Nawaz, wife of Sharif. With Nawaz Sharif exiled to Saudi Arabia, the party's presidency was handed over to Javed Hashmi, and the party began to reassert itself in the coming elections.[17] They campaigned all over the country and competed in the 2002 general elections for the state parliament. The election polls announced the victory of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) and the liberals, MQM, with PML-Q retaining the majority in the state parliament and brutally defeating the PML-N.[17]
During the 2002 Pakistani general election, the PML-N performed poorly, only winning 9.4% of the popular vote and gaining seats for only 14 out of 272 elected members, the worst defeat since its inception in 1988.[17] Hashmi was removed from the party's presidency after his controversial remarks towards the country's armed forces. In an indirect party election, Shahbaz Sharif was elected as the party's new president, and the party's leadership shifted its base to London, England. In 2006, the party signed a cooperative declaration with its rival Pakistan Peoples Party to outline and promote a new democratic culture in the country. Known as the Charter of Democracy, the document was signed by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto in London, and they announced their opposition to Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz.[19] In the 2008 general election, the party won urban votes and dominated the provisional assembly of Punjab Province. They secured a total of 91 seats in the state parliament, just second to the Pakistan Peoples Party, which won 121 seats, and the parties agreed on forming a coalition government. The PML-N called for the impeachment of President Pervez Musharraf, and successfully ousted him from the presidency and exiled him to the United States in 2008. However, before long, Nawaz Sharif announced his support for and leadership of the Lawyers' Movement to restore the suspended famed Chief JusticeIftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry in 2008. In 2011, the PML-N established a branch in Kashmir Province to participate in Kashmir's general elections.
2008 parliamentary election[edit]
After returning to Pakistan, the PML-N contested the 2008 general election, demanding a restoration of the judges sacked under the emergency rule put in place by President Pervez Musharraf, and the removal of Musharraf as President. After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, Sharif announced that the PML-N would boycott the polls, but after some time and conversations with the co-chairman of the PPP, Asif Ali Zardari, Nawaz announced that the party would run in the polls and began to rally in the Punjab areas. On 18 February 2008, after the polls were closed and the results had been announced, the PML-N gained 68 seats in the National Assembly, just behind the PPP. They announced that they would have discussions on forming a coalition with the PPP, which would get half the seats in the 342 seat Parliament. In a press conference on 19 February, Nawaz called for President Pervez Musharraf to step down. Nawaz and Zardari agreed on forming a coalition, and Nawaz announced that he and his party gave the PPP the right to choose the next Prime Minister.
On 13 May 2008, the PML-N ministers resigned from the government due to a disagreement related to the reinstatement of the judges. Nawaz said that the PML-N would support the government without participating in it. Zardari, hoping to preserve the coalition, told Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani to reject the resignations.[20]
On 27 June 2008, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won three and two by-election seats respectively, in the national parliament. Polls were postponed for the sixth seat in Lahore due to Nawaz Sharif's eligibility contest. A court ruled he was ineligible due to an old conviction, amid a government appeal in the Supreme Court, which was slated to hear the case on 30 June, thus postponing the vote in the constituency.[21] The two parties also won 19 of 23 provincial assembly seats where by-elections were held. The results did not affect the 18 February general election results in which Benazir Bhutto's PPP won 123 seats in the 342-seat National Assembly, and Sharif's party came second with 91, while Pervez Musharraf's party came a poor third, with 54 seats. Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) won eight provincial assembly seats, while the PPP won seven provincial seats.[22][23] On 25 August 2008, Nawaz Sharif announced that Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui would be Pakistan Muslim League (N) nominee to replace Pervez Musharraf as President of Pakistan.[24]
2013 general elections[edit]
During its election campaign for the 2013 general elections, the party competed against its arch-rival, the PPP, and another right-wing party, the PTI. In an unofficial count, the party secured the qualified majority in the state parliament, the Punjab Assembly, and the Balochistan Assembly; it is yet the only party to have secured respectable seats and representation on provisional assemblies of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The leader of PML-N, Nawaz Sharif, won a third term as Prime Minister of Pakistan, the first time this had happened in the history of the country.
National Assembly elections[edit]
| Election | Presiding chair of the party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Parliamentary position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | members participated as non-partisan | – | 46.4% | 96 / 200 | 96 | In Government |
| 1988 | Fida Mohammad Khan | 5,908,741 | 30.2% | 56 / 207 | 40 | In Opposition |
| 1990 | Nawaz Sharif | 7,908,513 | 37.4% | 106 / 207 | 56 | In Government |
| 1993 | Nawaz Sharif | 7,980,229 | 39.9% | 73 / 207 | 38 | In Opposition |
| 1997 | Nawaz Sharif | 8,751,793 | 45.9 | 137 / 207 | 64 | In Government |
| 2002 | Javed Hashmi | 3,791,321 | 12.7% | 19 / 342 | 118 | In Opposition |
| 2008 | Nisar Ali Khan | 6,805,324 | 19.65% | 89 / 341 | 70 | In Opposition |
| 2013 | Nawaz Sharif | 14,874,104 | 32.77% | 166 / 342 | 77 | In Government |
| 2018 | Shehbaz Sharif | 12,934,589 | 24.35% | 82 / 342 | 84 | In Opposition |
Structural composition[edit]
| Party leadership | ||
|---|---|---|
| Officiate/Party office | Party bearer | Provincial Representation |
| Chairman | Raja Zafar-ul-Haq | Punjab |
| Vice chairman | Mamnoon Hussain | Sindh |
| President | Shehbaz Sharif | Punjab |
| President | Syed Shah Muhammad Shah | Sindh |
| Senior Vice-President | Ghaus Ali Shah Sikandar Hayat Khan Sartaj Aziz Yaqub Khan Amir Muqam Raja Muhammad Rizwan (Vice President Gujrat) | Sindh Azad Kashmir Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Sindh Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa |
| Vice President | Saleem Zia Imdad Chandio Pir Sabir Shah | Sindh Sindh Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa |
| Secretary General | Iqbal Zafar Jhagra | Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa |
| Deputy Secretary-General | Ahsan Iqbal | Islamabad |
| Assistant Secretary General | Salah-ud-din Tirmizi Lt.Gen.(retd.)Abdul Qadir Baloch | Sindh Balochistan |
| Secretary Finance | Pervez Rashid | Punjab |
| Information Secretary | Mushahidullah Khan | Punjab |
| Deputy Secretary Information | Khurram Dastgir Khan | Punjab |
| Joint Secretary | Abdul Sattar Mandokhel | Balochistan |
| Central Working Committee (Notable activists) | ||
| ||
| ||
The major function of the General Council Meeting (or Central Working Committee) is to elect presidents and secretaries, while it is also responsible for promoting PML-N activities.[25] The GCM's meetings are generally held at the Jinnah Convention Centre in Islamabad.[26]
Nawaz Sharif was elected the President of Pakistan Muslim League (N) in 2011.[27] The General Council Meeting raises funds and coordinates campaign strategy, and it has local committees in every province and in most large cities, counties, and legislative districts, but these have far less money and influence than the national body.[26] The Central Secretariat and the Parliament Lodges of the Pakistan Parliament play important roles in recruiting strong state candidates.[26]
Nawaz sharif has been accused of corruption and involvement in smuggling large amounts of money outside the country, and he was recently revealed by the Panama Papers to have been involved in hiding money in offshore accounts and companies.[28][29][30]
Ideology and political positions[edit]
Economic policies[edit]
The Pakistan Muslim League (N) policies include religious conservatism, social conservatism, neoconservatism, bioconservatisms, environmental conservation, and most importantly, National conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Throughout its history, the Pakistan Muslim League (N) has emphasised the role of free markets and individual achievement as the primary factors behind economic prosperity, deregulation of all segments of the economic order, and the strong base of capitalism.[31] In 1991, the PML-N's government established the National Highway Authority followed by inaugurating the M2 Motorways in 1997.[31]
The Pakistan Muslim League (N) generally opposes labour union management and large-scale workers' unions.[31] The party holds that 'prosperous agriculture is the backbone of national prosperity and diversification of the rural economy, by expanding non-farm rural employment, is critical for the alleviation of poverty'. During its federal government, the PML-N successfully privatised the major heavy industries under its planned industrial development programme.[32]
Environmental policies[edit]
In 1997, the Environmental Protection Agency was established by the PML-N government, and its Ministry of Environment was one of the most notable government offices to protect national conservation and forestry in the country. In 1997, environmental PSAs were regularly paid for by the government to enhance and promote environmental awareness among the public.
However, the ministry's environmental policies remain a subject of ongoing controversy, often criticised for ignoring the health of the environment despite the party's declarations. The PML-N's provincial government in Punjab Province came under intense media, opposition, and public anger after failing to counter the 2011 dengue fever outbreak due to its apathy and the inadequacy of steps taken to enforce environmental awareness and regulations. Recently, the prestige of PML-N has suffered after the government's Health and Environment ministries failed to properly inspect the quality of medicines, resulting in major counterfeiting and environmental crises, which put the party's environmental and health policies in great doubt.
Science and politics[edit]
The Pakistan Muslim League (N) is credited for ordering and authorizing the country's first nuclear tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) amid immense international pressure. It is also responsible for establishing the Pakistan Antarctic Programme as part of its science and technology strategy. Together with their main rival, the Pakistan Peoples Party, the Pakistan Muslim League (N) is also responsible for increasing Pakistan's nuclear deterrent as well as boosting the nation's nuclear power growth, first establishing the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant expansion as part of its nuclear policy.
Foreign policy issues[edit]
The party has been long advocated for broader and stronger relations with the United States, China, the United Kingdom, European Union, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as India.[33] In 1999, the party's government successfully signed the Lahore Declaration with India.[33]
The Pakistan Muslim League (N) remains sceptical about the country's role in the war on terror, although it is firmly opposed to religious extremism and terrorism in all its manifestations.[34] While it remains a strong supporter of the United States' financial and fiscal policies, it remains undecided about the military operations on its western frontier to curb militancy, with many PML-N intellectuals regarding the War on Terror as a campaign against Islam.[34] During its previous tenure from 1997 to 1999, the PML-N government took a series of measures to control terrorist groups by establishing the Anti Terrorism Courts.[34] The PML-N's leadership remains an avid supporter of Indian-held Kashmir, and numerous times it had made it clear that the party will 'never compromise this long standing position on Kashmir dispute'.[34]
Party presidency[edit]
| List of President of Pakistan Muslim League (N) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order | Image | Presidents | Year | Rationale |
| 1 | Nawaz Sharif | 1993–1999 | First term | |
| 2 | Kulsoom Nawaz | 1999–2001 | First term | |
| 3 | Javed Hashmi | 2001-2005 | First term | |
| 4 | Chaudhry Nisar Ali | 2005–2009 | First term | |
| 5 | Shehbaz Sharif | 2009–2010 | First term | |
| (3) | Javed Hashmi | 2010-2011 | Second term | |
| (1) | Nawaz Sharif | 2011–2017 | Second term | |
| (5) | Sardar Yaqoob Khan Nasir | 2017 | First term | |
| (1) | Nawaz Sharif | 2017–2018 | Third term | |
| (5) | Shehbaz Sharif | 2018–present | Second term | |
Controversy[edit]
Since its inception, the party has been involved in major controversies, some of which are listed below:
Rise to power with help from military establishment[edit]
Nawaz Sharif's rise to power is attributed to funding and backing from Inter-Services Intelligence and the military establishment. Former director general of ISI Hamid Gul admitted that he formed Islami Jamhuri Itehad in order to counter the power of the Pakistan People's Party.[35]
Operation Clean-up[edit]
Nawaz Sharif, during his first tenure as prime minister of Pakistan (1990-1993), launched a military operation against his own allies in government, MQM, for allegations against the Jinnahpur conspiracy. Later, the ISPR denied any knowledge of the Jinnahpur conspiracy and separatist maps, which were highly publicized in the media prior to the operation's launch. Thousands of MQM activists were killed, its leadership arrested, and its head, Altaf Hussain, fled to exile in the UK.
Operation 1998[edit]
During his second term as prime minister (1997-1999), Nawaz Sharif again launched an operation against MQM, who were again in alliance in Sharif's government, on accusations of assassinating Hakeem Said. Due to MQM's militant activities and sectarian killings in Karachi, Nawaz Sharif was forced to end the alliance with MQM for the benefit of the nation. An elected PMLN Sindh government in alliance with MQM was dismissed and President's rule was imposed. The operation launched a new era of bloodshed in Karachi and many party leaders from MQM were arrested. Imran Farooq (MQM second in command at that time) was forced to flee Pakistan and took political asylum in the UK. Fasih Jugu, who was accused of assassination, was tortured to death by law enforcement officers.[36] The operation resulted in major unrest as the PMLN government tried to nab the criminal elements ravaging the city of Karachi. This was one of the prime excuses the military conjured up for illegally ousting Nawaz Sharif's government in 1999 through martial law.
Plane hijacking[edit]
In 1999, Nawaz Sharif was allegedly involved in the hijacking of a plane carrying then Chief of Army Staff Pervez Musharraf as it was about to land at Karachi airport, and the control tower ordered the plane not to land in Pakistan but India instead. However, Musharraf and his loyalists had been planning a coup for months and some versions of the story claim that Musharraf orchestrated the coup from the plane and the military didn't allow the plane to land until Musharraf was assured that the military was in control of the airport. The military forced the courts to convict Sharif and sentence him to life imprisonment in 2000. General Musharraf had initially decided to hang Nawaz Sharif but under pressure from the President of the United States Bill Clinton and King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, he decided not to go through with the plan.[37] In 2010, The Supreme Court of Pakistan overturned Nawaz' conviction, making him eligible to run for power again.[38]
Allegations of corruption[edit]
PMLN has been accused of corruption in revolutionary economic schemes such as the Yellow Cab Scheme, The National Debt Retirement Programme (NDRP), the Sasti Roti Scheme, and the Nandipur Power Project. The charges turned out to be nothing more than accusations by rival political parties to mislead the public. More recently, an international newspaper published the Panama papers, naming Sharif's sons as among people who created offshore companies. Nawaz Sharif is accused of using corruption money to grow his assets in his business ventures and Ittefaq group, though nothing presented in court so far substantiates these charges.
Panama papers case and its implications[edit]
Nawaz Sharif and some of his family members were cited for money laundering and graft charges on 10 July 2017 by a Joint Investigation Team (JIT) formed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, which included military intelligence officers. The JIT and Supreme Court, in league with the military, have been found to be biased against Nawaz Sharif, his family, and his party, PMLN, as the party is currently fighting for democratic supremacy.[39] The judicial-military complex hence set its task to punish Nawaz Sharif by any means necessary.[40] The JIT presented circumstantial and sometimes downright incorrect and unverified evidence against the Sharif family, which was accepted without questioning.[41] A subsequent ruling by the Supreme Court of Pakistan announced on 28 July 2017 disqualified party leader and then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from holding public office for life on a mere technicality unrelated to the charges in question.[42] This verdict was widely seen by the people of Pakistan as a desecration of their right to choose their leaders. Nawaz Sharif and his party then redoubled their efforts for democratic supremacy against the military junta. Many people have rallied behind Nawaz Sharif's ideology as he educates people that their right is not only to vote but that they have a right to defend that vote and they should question anyone who prevents them from doing so. This has resulted in many people openly criticizing the military's interference in civilian affairs and heavily tilted the public opinion against the army.
As a reaction, the military has resorted to violence as it has in the past, physically assaulting unbiased journalists and harassing others to prevent heavy anti-military public opinion from gaining publicity.[43] The army has also resorted to illegally shutting down unbiased television channels and protecting pro-military channels from getting shut down for promoting a pro-military agenda of depicting politicians as corrupt and unreliable in the name of journalism, either by threatening local cable service providers or by threatening PEMRA, the legal body for monitoring electronic media in the country.[44] The crisis between the people of Pakistan and the military trying to maintain its stranglehold on its people is still an ongoing dilemma.
Allegations of treachery[edit]
Nawaz Sharif gave an interview to Dawn News on 12 May 2018 in which he said that non-state actors from Pakistan were involved in the Mumbai terrorist attacks in 2008. A spokesman for Sharif said that Indian media had twisted his statement to make it seem like he had suggested that the state of Pakistan endorsed and was directly involved in the attacks.[45] A National Security Council meeting was called by the Pakistan Army which declared the allegations were based on lies and misconception without specifically naming Sharif.[46]
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Dixit, J.N. (2002). India-Pakistan in War and Peace. New York, U.S.: Routledge. p. 504. ISBN1134407572.
- Jalal, Ayesha (2014). The struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim homeland and global politics. Harvard, United States: Harvard University Press. p. 440. ISBN0674052897.
- Akbar, M.K. (1997). Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN8170996740.
- Ahmed, Akbar (2005). Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identitiy: A search for Saladin. Routledge. ISBN1134750226.
- Majumdar, edited by R. (1998). Pakistan : Jinnah to the present day (1st ed.). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. ISBN8174888640.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
References[edit]
- ^Bhatti, Haseeb. ''Person disqualified under Articles 62, 63 ineligible to head political party,' SC rules'. Dawn. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^'Pakistan's political parties explained'. CNN. 18 February 2008.
- ^'Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties'. Al-Jazeera. 6 May 2013.
- ^'The democratic uncertainty of Pakistan'. Himal Mag. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
- ^'Sharif declares victory for his party in Pakistan vote'. Hindustan Times. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.
- ^Nawaz Sharif declares his party victorious in Pakistan vote, Al Arabiya, archived from the original on 12 May 2013
- ^'Nawaz Sharif Set for Third Term as PM', India Times, 12 May 2013, archived from the original on 12 May 2013
- ^Haleem, Safia (2013). 'The Struggle for Power'. Culture Smart! Pakistan(google books). London: Kuperard. ISBN185733678X.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnop'Past Electorals'. Past Electorals. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ^ abc'National Assembly general election results 1988-1997'(PDF). Pakistan Election Commission. Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 August 2017.
- ^ abMilitary Desk. 'Pakistan Muslim League (N)'. Global Security. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ abcRahman, Syedur (2010). Historical dictionary of Bangladesh (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0810874539. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ abcdefghijklmno'Post-Independence History'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
- ^Wilder, Andrew R. (2004). '2002 General elections'. Elections 2002: Legitimizing the Status Quo(google books). Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lanham MD, Oxford: Lexington Books. pp. 110–120. ISBN0-7391-0498-5. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^'Pre-Independence'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
- ^ abcSamad, Abdus. 'The Economic Policies of the first Nawaz Sharif Government 1990–93'. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ^ abcdefghEditorial. 'Pakistan Muslim League'. September 24, 2008. The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ abcdefghijStory of Pakistan. 'Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister'. Story of Pakistan (Pakistan Muslim League (N)). Archived from the original on 20 September 2016.
- ^''Democracy charter' for Pakistan'. BBC News. 15 May 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^Haider, Zeeshan (16 May 2008). 'Pakistan's Zardari rejects ally's resignations'. UK Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
- ^'Ruling parties win Pakistan polls'. BBC. 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^'Sharif's party does well in Pakistani by-elections'. Reuters. 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^'Pakistan ruling coalition sweeps by-elections'. Xinhuanet. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^'Sharif withdraws party from Pakistan ruling coalition'. CNN. 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^'Central Working Committee of Pakistan Muslim League-N'. PMLN.org. PMLN's Central Committee. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^ abcAnis, Mohammad (28 July 2011). 'Elected president PML-N unopposed Zardari has no respect for agreements, charters, says Nawaz'. News International, Anis. News International. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^'Nawaz Sharif elected unopposed PML-N president'. Dawn, 2011. Dawn. 27 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^'Panama Papers: Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif asked to explain family wealth following leak'. ABC news Australia. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016.
- ^'Panama Papers and Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif'. BBC. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
- ^'Pakistan's Premier Leaves the Country Amid Panama Papers Scandal'. New York Times. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016.
- ^ abc'Agricultural and Rural Development'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
- ^'Industrial Development'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
- ^ ab'National Security and Foreign Policy'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
- ^ abcd'Extremism and Terrorism'. PML-N Official. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
- ^'Hamid Gul accepts responsibility for creating IJI'. DAWN.COM. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^'Hakim Said murder still shrouded in mystery'. www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^'Pakistan's deposed PM waits to hear if he will be hanged'. The Independent. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^Press, Associated (17 July 2009). 'Pakistan court quashes Sharif hijacking conviction'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^Dutt, Barkha (30 July 2017). 'Opinion Why Sharif's ouster is dangerous for Pakistan'. Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^'Invisible forces pulling strings of political puppets'. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^'Govt's websites have PM's tax record: Marriyum Aurangzeb'. The Nation. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^'Panama verdict - an overview of global perspective'. Daily Times. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^'Pakistan's 'new normal': a journalist on the run from gunmen'. The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^Daily News (8 May 2017), Absar Alam, Threat Call to PEMRA, Press Conference, retrieved 11 June 2018
- ^'Nawaz Sharif 'grossly misinterpreted' over remarks on Mumbai attack: Party blames 'malicious propaganda' by media - Firstpost'. www.firstpost.com. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^Hussain, Dawn.com Sanaullah Khan Javed (14 May 2018). 'NSC unanimously terms 'statement' on Mumbai attacks as 'incorrect and misleading''. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
External links[edit]
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